Relative Clause
Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bussiness 2
Relative Clause adalah bagian dari kalimat (anak kalimat) yang memberi keterangan pada orang atau benda yang mendahuluinya. Istilah Relative Clause sama dengan Adjective Clause. Disebut Adjective Clause karena dia menerangkan benda atau orang yang mendahuluinya. Disebut Relative Clause karena dia menghubungkan (me-relate) benda atau orang tersebut dengan frasa di belakangnya. Relative Clause diawali dengan kata penghubung who, whom, whose, which, that, dengan fungsi sebagai berikut
Who: menerangkan orang sebagai subject
Whom: menerangkan kan orang sebagai object (menggantikan me, you, us, him, her,
them, it)
Whose:menerangkan orang sebagai pemilik (menggantikan my, your, our, his, her, their,
its)
Which: menerangkan benda sebagai subject maupun object
That menerangkan orang atau benda baik sebagai subject maupun object
Contoh:
Orang atau benda yang bergaris bawah pada kalimat sebelah kiri adalah sama dengan kata ganti orang atau benda yang bergaris bawah dalam kalimat sebelah kanan.Kata penghubung dibuat berdasarkan kata ganti orang atau benda dalam kalimat di sebelah kanan.
1. The fisherman gave us some tunas. He caught a lot of tunas.
--The fisherman who caught a lot of tunas gave us some. (subjek)
2. The farmer was away on holiday. I wanted to see him.
--The farmer whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. (objek)
3. The woman asked me. Her bike was lost.
--The woman whose bike was lost asked me. (pemilik)
Who: menerangkan orang sebagai subject
Whom: menerangkan kan orang sebagai object (menggantikan me, you, us, him, her,
them, it)
Whose:menerangkan orang sebagai pemilik (menggantikan my, your, our, his, her, their,
its)
Which: menerangkan benda sebagai subject maupun object
That menerangkan orang atau benda baik sebagai subject maupun object
Contoh:
Orang atau benda yang bergaris bawah pada kalimat sebelah kiri adalah sama dengan kata ganti orang atau benda yang bergaris bawah dalam kalimat sebelah kanan.Kata penghubung dibuat berdasarkan kata ganti orang atau benda dalam kalimat di sebelah kanan.
1. The fisherman gave us some tunas. He caught a lot of tunas.
--The fisherman who caught a lot of tunas gave us some. (subjek)
2. The farmer was away on holiday. I wanted to see him.
--The farmer whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. (objek)
3. The woman asked me. Her bike was lost.
--The woman whose bike was lost asked me. (pemilik)
WHERE TO PUT THE PREPOSITION IN A RELATIVE CLAUSE
There are often prepositions in relative clauses, and the relative pronoun is the object of the preposition. This means that the preposition can sometimes be omitted.
The preposition is normally placed at the end of the relative clause:
* Is that the man (who) you arrived with?
* Do you know the girl (that) John is talking to?
In formal or written English, the preposition is often placed before the relative pronoun, and in this case the pronoun cannot be omitted:
* The person with whom he is negotiating is the Chairman of a large company.
* It is a society to which many important people belong.
However, this is unusual in spoken English.
Examples
* The jungle the tribe lived in was full of strange and unusual animals.
* He liked the people that he lived with.
* The tree under which they had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.
* To the east of the city was a lake that many people went to on the weekend.
* It was the river in which the children preferred to swim.
There are often prepositions in relative clauses, and the relative pronoun is the object of the preposition. This means that the preposition can sometimes be omitted.
The preposition is normally placed at the end of the relative clause:
* Is that the man (who) you arrived with?
* Do you know the girl (that) John is talking to?
In formal or written English, the preposition is often placed before the relative pronoun, and in this case the pronoun cannot be omitted:
* The person with whom he is negotiating is the Chairman of a large company.
* It is a society to which many important people belong.
However, this is unusual in spoken English.
Examples
* The jungle the tribe lived in was full of strange and unusual animals.
* He liked the people that he lived with.
* The tree under which they had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.
* To the east of the city was a lake that many people went to on the weekend.
* It was the river in which the children preferred to swim.
How to form relative clauses; DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
As the name suggests, these clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about. Obviously, this is only necessary if there is more than one person or thing involved.
Example
* Dogs that like cats are very unusual.
In this sentence we understand that there are many dogs, but it is clear that we are only talking about the ones that like cats.
Punctuation
* Commas are not used in defining relative clauses.
As the name suggests, these clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about. Obviously, this is only necessary if there is more than one person or thing involved.
Example
* Dogs that like cats are very unusual.
In this sentence we understand that there are many dogs, but it is clear that we are only talking about the ones that like cats.
Punctuation
* Commas are not used in defining relative clauses.
Relative pronouns
The following relative pronouns are used in defining relative clauses:
Person:
Subject ; who/that
Object ; who/whom/that
Possessive ; whose
Thing
Subject ; which/that
Object ; which/that/
Possessive ; whose
Place
Object ; where
Time
Object ; when
Reason
Object ; why
Notes:
1. The relative pronoun stands in place of a noun.
This noun usually appears earlier in the sentence:
The woman ; Noun, subject of main clause
who/that ; relative pronoun referring to 'the woman', subject of 'spoke'
spoke at the meeting ; verb + rest of relative clause
was very knowledgeable. ; verb + rest of main clause
2. Who, whom and which can be replaced by that. This is very common in spoken English.
3. The relative pronoun can be omitted when it is the object of the clause
The woman ; Noun, subject of main clause
that ; relative pronoun, referring to 'the woman', object of 'loved'
the man loved ; verb + rest of relative clause
was living in New York ; verb + rest of main clause
(You can usually decide whether a relative pronoun is an object because it is normally followed by another subject + verb.)
4. Whose is used for things as well as for people.
Examples
* The man whose car was stolen.
* A tree whose leaves have fallen.
5. Whom is very formal and is only used in written English. You can use who/that, or omit the pronoun completely :
* The doctor whom/who/that/ I was hoping to see wasn't on duty.
6. That normally follows words like something, anything, everything, nothing, all, and superlatives.
Examples
* There's something that you should know.
* It was the best film that I've ever seen.
* A clown is someone who makes you laugh.
* An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries.
* The plums that were in the fridge were delicious. I have eaten them.
* Where are the plums (that) I put in the fridge?
* Has anyone seen the book I was reading?
* Nothing that anyone does can replace my lost bag.
* Let's go to a country where the sun always shines.
* They live in the house whose roof is full of holes.
Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:
A. Relative Pronoun
• Kata Ganti Orang
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That
Fungsi :
a. Subjek:
- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work
b. Objek Kata Kerja:
- He paid the man whom/that he had hired.
c. Objek Kata Depan:
- He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.
d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan
- This is the girl whose picture you saw.
• Benda, Binatang
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that
Fungsi :
a. Subjek:
- Here is a book which/that describes animals.
b. Objek Kata Kerja:
- The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.
c. Objek Kata Depan:
- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.
- Here is a book which/that describes animals.
b. Objek Kata Kerja:
- The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.
c. Objek Kata Depan:
- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.
A1. Relative Pronoun
Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.
• The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present.
○ The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau
○ The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.
Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya:
• The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.
• The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student.
• The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.
B. Relative Adverbs
• Waktu
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
- This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.
• Tempat
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where
- Here is the house where I live.
• Alasan
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
- Give me one good reason why you did that.
B2. Relative Adverb
Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:
• Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat
digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.
- The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.
- The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you.
- The reason I came should be obvious to you.
• When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition
of Place) ditambah dengan Which.
- The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
- The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.
Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause
1. Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada
perubahan arti kalimat.
Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah
menjadi Adjective Phrase.
Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
Perhatikan Contoh berikut:
a. Adjective Clause
• The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.
• The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
b. Adjective Phrase
• The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.
• The boy playing the piano is Bent.
2. Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
a. Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.
Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.
Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
Adjective Phrase: The ideas
presented in that book are interesting.
Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man
Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man
responsible for preparing the budget.
Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
Adjective Phrase: The books – ' – on the shelf are mine.
Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
Adjective Phrase: The books – ' – on the shelf are mine.
b. Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan
mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing
Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet – consisting of 26 letters.
Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
Adjective Phrase: Anyone – wanting to come with us is welcome.
3. Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".
Contoh:
# We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
# We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
# We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
# We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
1. Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.
Adjective Clause
I know the house where he lives.
(where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata
know)
Noun Clause
I know where he lives.
(where he lives adalah objek dari kata know)
2. Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun
Clause.
The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his. (Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his.
Noun Clause
He gives money to whoever needs it. (The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah letaknya.
Questions and Answers of the excercises :
Q 1. I talked to the woman she was sitting next to me
A 1. I talked to the woman who was sitting next to me
Q 2. I have a class it begins at 08.00 Am
A 2. I have a class which begins at 08.00 Am
Q 3. The man called the police his car was stolen
A 3. The man whose car was stolen called the police
Q 4. The building is very old he lives there
A 4. The building where he lives is very old
Q 5. The woman was ms Silvy I saw her
A 5. The woman whom I saw was ms Silvy
Article Containing Adjective Clauses
Computer Graphics
The first implementation of such systems supporting what we might recognize as a computer graphics system can be found in 1950, when MIT’s Whirlwind computer system was used to support a refreshed vector screen for display of graphics. This system can be considered a first-generation computer, running with vacuum tubes and consuming considerable space and power. Limitations in the interfaces as well as costeffective access to computational systems meant that it was not until 1963 that Ivan E. Sutherland presented Sketchpad, the first full-fledged, operational computer-aided design system. This system ran on second-generation TX-2 computers, using transistors for computation, and refreshed vector displays and light pen for the user interface. Several other implementations of computer graphic systems were developed in academic settings during the early 1960s, leading to the conference “Architecture and the Computer” in 1964.
In late 1964 IBM demonstrated their DAC-1 system to support graphic interaction in automobile design. From the introduction of this system came increasing use of interactive computer-aided design systems by automobile and aerospace firms, so that by end of the 1960s, commercial use of computer graphics was proven, although only in applications that supported high-cost factors. The first computer graphic tool specifically for architectural application was ARK-2, introduced in the early 1970s. General use of computers in architectural design had to wait until the early 1980s, when computer systems had reduced in cost by a factor yet again to make it feasible for large practices to purchase workstations.
Referensi :
Referensi :
http://ns2.jogjakota.go.id/arsip.php?pelajaran=&kelas=9&kriteria=&page=57
diposting oleh Kumpulan Atrtikel pada
22.02
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